initial -> goal

insight problem: no steps, only lightbulb moment

transformation problem: steps with rules (either well- or ill-defined/structured)

ill-defined: sometimes a good solution not even identifiable

within well-structured:

• knowledge-rich
• knowledge-lean

in education: mostly well-defined knowledge-rich

Functional fixedness: hard to think of things in other uses (wow such sentence)

transfer: what we learn in one task/context can apply to other tasks/contexts too

• low road: spontaneous / automatic

can be negative/undesirable too

• high road: recall and recognizing it applies (see structural similarities) consiously adapting procedure

facilitates by expertise

• see beyong surface features to problem structure
• see structural similarities
• flexibily adapt known solution procedure

learning to solve well-structured transformetion problems required formation of cognitive schema of solution procedure/operations

transfer to novel problems … and i missed the rest

obstabcle: cognitive load!! (ugh not agaaiiiin)

7+-2 for maintaining 3-4 for processing

trial and error = generate and test

bad -> problem space can become large (many possibilities), hard to keep track

reduce …

explore problem space without goal

4C/ID

more examples

worked completion free

two perspectives cognitive: worked example in text social-cognitive: modeling example

heavier relience on worked examples => more effectivs and efficient for novices

more learning, more transfer, performance

less time and effort

example-problem? examplw only? problem-example?

examples first!! problem first -> effort and motivation